Reflection paper, just your opinion, no right or wrong answer 500 words
Please review all materials on perception to receive attendance credit for the week. Please write a 500-word reflection paper that discusses your key learning and how you might apply this learning. No need for additional research. Also, cite if you use outside sources. I will review these papers for credit but not provide feedback. If papers are under 500 words, no credit will be given. Also, if papers are not submitted in Microsoft Word, a credit will not be given. There are no make-ups for the reflections paper that will count against your participation credit. Students can miss a total of 2 reflection papers and or live classes before points are taken off.
Perception
How We See the World Dr. Craig Nathanson
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Perception
The psychological process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting stimuli from the environment
“There is no one, clear, definable organizational reality shared by all members of an organization”
Our perceptions shape and define our reality. Organizations shape and define our perceptions…
Perception (cont.)
Person Environment
**The process of finding meaning and organization
**We perceive collectively. Organizations are social inventions; we make them up as we go along
PERCEPTION
In order to make sense of our world our brains try to see patterns or shapes that are recognizable. This principle is called “grouping”.
http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/aa/widening/uniworld/webclub/rs/optical.htm
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
Embedded Images
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
The mind forms shapes that don't exist
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
Old Woman or Young Girl?
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
Shimmer
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
Any movement you see is an illusion!
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
The shades of red are identical The difference in the appearance is related to the influence of the backgrounds.
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
Compare the shades of red…
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
One more…
Perspective is evoked in this image by the pattern, and the lines on the wall which converge on to a common point in the distance.
http://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/optical_illusions/perspective.html & http://www.killsometime.com/illusions/Optical-Illusion.asp?Illusion-ID=36
M.C. Escher
You will see it flip into a second staircase
M.C. Escher used complex variations on this illusion to achieve some wonderful effects like showing representations of people walking in opposite directions, both descending. He also joined staircases into an appearance of infinite ascent/descent.
http://dragon.uml.edu/psych/stair.html
How fast do you switch?
http://psycharts.com/opt_illus.html
Perception (cont.)
Four stages of social perception
Selective attention/comprehension
constantly bombarded by stimuli; we select and attend to only a subset of salient features
salient stimuli are…
larger, more intense, in motion, repetitive, novel or very familiar
we select stimuli as a function of…
learning experiences, present motivation, personality
Perception (cont.)
Encoding and Simplification
We categorize material we have selected so that it makes sense
Cognitive categories
made up of equivalent objects
schema: mental pictures
basic desire for consistency
we disconfirm “dissonant” information
we also “fill in the holes”
we look for similarity
Perception (cont.)
Storage and Retention
different but interrelated types of long-term memory
Event memory
Semantic memory
Person memory
memory can be cued by all senses
gender & individual differences
smell memory is most “intense”
we can “control” memory through how we perceive
Perception (cont.)
Retrieval and Response
Judgments and Decisions
How we originally organize, and where we go “looking for” perceptions has an important impact on the decisions we make
open up the search process
make decisions with others, and draw on their differing perceptions
Perceptual Distortions
Stereotyping
The set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group. Stereotypes influence…
what stimuli about the stereotyped person are attended to
how the information is organized
We don’t see the person; we see the stereotype
Perceptual Distortions (cont.)
Stereotyping (cont.)
We limit our understanding of and interactions with others at work, and therefore opportunities…
implications for selection, performance appraisal, teamwork
sex, race, disability, national origin, life style, age… How many different stereotypes do you have?
older woman worker (over 60)?
Perceptual Distortions (cont.)
Halo
Use of a general impression of someone to judge that person’s behaviors or attitudes
often based on a central trait (e.g., persistent, neat, lazy)
the general impression “guides” perceptions; results in selective attention to information
implications: favoritism, performance appraisal
Perceptual Distortions (cont.)
Projection
Occurs when an individual attributes his/her own attitudes or motives to another person
involves emotional biasing of perceptions
assumption: other people think and feel the same way that I do
natural process; we all do it… it’s a problem when it’s unconscious
Perceptual Distortions (cont.)
Pygmalion Effect
People’s expectations determine their behavior, thus serving to make the expectations come true
the “self-fulfilling prophecy”
we strive to validate our perceptions of reality
implications: monitor and manage your expectations of yourself and others
Attributions
Suspected or inferred causes of behavior; how we explain others’ behavior
Internal factors
Abilities, traits, motives
External factors
Environment, support from others
Fundamental attribution error
others’ behavior: internal factors
Self-serving bias
Organizational Perception
Organizations encourage (demand!) shared perceptions
a learning organization needs to regularly “check in” with its shared perceptions
Share, discuss perceptions
redefine problems
keep the information collection process open
bring together differing perceptions
Group exercise
Can you share an example of a perception you had with a person or situation which later proved wrong?
Select a group leader and share one group example with the class.
Key learning?
It is important to understand your own perceptions and which factors influence them
Understand what “cues” people’s perceptions: what are people at work paying attention to.
Communications is key to understanding others
Encourage others to be open and to trust each other.
What else?
