Dissertation RE Cha

Running head: Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

Project Report

KB7052 – Master’s Research Project

ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR CONSTRUCTION

SUPPLY CHAIN DURING COVID-19

W19043946

MSC CONSTRUCTON PROJECT MANAGEMENT WITH BIM WITH ADVANCE PRACTICE

Supervisor Name: Mohamad Kassem

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

2

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

KB7052 Research Project Research Declaration

Form

I declare the following:

1. That the material contained in my dissertation/journal paper is the result of my work and that due acknowledgement has been given in the bibliography and

references to all sources be they printed, digital, or personal, using the Cite

Them Right bibliographic referencing system.

2. The word count of my dissertation is 10000 words.

3. I agree to an entire digital copy or sections of my dissertation/journal paper being placed on the Blackboard module if deemed appropriate, to allow future

students and academic staff the opportunity to see examples of past students’

dissertations/journal papers.

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work submitted from this or any other module in Northumbria University and

from other UK, EU, and international institutions using the service. In the

event of the service detecting a high degree of similarity between the content

of my dissertation/journal paper and the documents contained within the

database, this will be reported back to my supervisor, examiners, and internal

moderators, who may decide to undertake further investigation that may

ultimately lead to disciplinary action (according to ARTA), should an instance

of academic misconduct be detected.

5. I have read the Northumbria University policy statements on ethics and governance and confirm that ethical issues have been considered, evaluated,

and appropriately addressed during my research and during the production of

my dissertation/journal paper.

6. I agree to the module tutor nominating my dissertation/journal paper on my behalf for appropriate academic with the CIOB, RICS, IMechE, and APM, etc.

Signed (Student Number): Kandlakunta Sricharan (W19043946)

Data; 15-12-2021

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

3

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Contents 1 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

1.1 AIM ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

1.2 Background Work………………………………………………………………………………………..9

1.3 Problem Statement………………………………………………………………………………………..9

1.4 Evidence of Work…………………………………………………………………………………………9

1.5 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………… ….9

1.6 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………………………….10

2 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11

3 BACKGROUND DATA ……………………………………………………………………………. 13

4 LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………………….. 16

4.1 REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16

4.2 SCALABILITY ………………………………………………………………………………………. 17

4.3 Substitution …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18

4.3.1 REUSABILITY ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18

4.4 REPRESENTATIVE REFLECTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS …………………….. 19

4.5 Repurposing ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 20

4.6 Cost reduction …………………………………………………………………………………………. 20

4.7 Review …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22

4.8 Adaptability ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 23

5 METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………. 27

5.1 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………………………….. 27

5.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………….. 28

5.3 Case Study of FRANCE ……………………………………………………………………………. 29

5.4 Case Study of INDIA ……………………………………………………………………………….. 34

5.5 State of India's Construction Industry ………………………………………………………….. 35

5.5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35

5.5.2 National income accounting …………………………………………………………………………. 36

5.5.3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ……………………………………………………………………… 36

5.5.4 Indian Construction Industry Growth Trends …………………………………………………… 37

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

4

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

5.6 Implementation of ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR CONSTRUCTION

SUPPLY CHAIN DURING COVID-19 ……………………………………………………………….. 38

5.7 CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY CHAIN IN INDIA ………………………………………….. 39

5.8 Part IV. Case Study Analysis …………………………………………………………………….. 40

5.8.1 The project results ………………………………………………………………………………………. 40

6 The project results ……………………………………………………………………………………. 42

7 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

8 RECCOMENDATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………. 46

9 REFLECTIVE ACCOUNT ……………………………………………………………………….. 48

9.1 Project management approach ……………………………………………………………………. 48

9.2 Professional Development …………………………………………………………………………. 48

9.3 Communication approach………………………………………………………………………….. 49

Impacts of COVID 19 ………………………………………………………………………………………. 51

SYNERGY ………………………………………………………………… Error! Bookmark not defined.

10 References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 56

Appendix A Project Management Record ……………………………………………………………… 59

Appendix B Final Gantt Chart …………………………………………………………………………….. 68

Appendix C Ethics Approval ………………………………………………………………………………. 70

Appendix D Additional Info ……………………………………………………………………………….. 81

Appendix E Risk assignment form ……………………………………………………………………….. 83

Appendix F Liturature Review Matrix …………………………………………………………………. 85

Glossary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……86

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

5

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

List of Figures

Figure.1 Adaptive Supply chain…………………………………………………11

Figure 2: Hard concrete technology has increased over time and is replacing

Steel in the building industry. ……………………………………………25

Figure 3: Illustrates how concrete is changing………………………………….26

Figure 4 Concrete consumption of steel increases (siding) while consumption…27

Figure5: Shows the high growth trend for this particular period. ………………..28

Figur.6 Growth Graph data………………………………………………………..32

List of tables.

Table 1.general data……………………………………………………………….14

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

6

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

1 Abstract

COVID 19 has affected all sectors, including the construction sector. As the

construction sector relies a lot on the supply chain, it is important that different strategies

have to be adopted to ensure that quality and affordable materials reach different construction

companies. After coronavirus struck, several issues were reported in the construction sector.

Some of them include the inaccessibility of materials due to active lockdowns, which make

many areas difficult to access. The other is increased transport costs to respond to the effect

of restrictions on supply chain and logistics. The different materials that are required may no

longer be available in the companies.

To resolve the different issues that are affecting the construction sector, you must first

resolve those related to the supply chain. One of the ways is to come up with different ways

of accessing the materials, like getting licenses to access the locked areas. The paper also

discusses the different ways that companies can make use of the available materials to

address the different needs. Scaling the materials so that misuse is reduced or gotten rid of is

a way that the issues can be resolved. Therefore, scalability, repurposing, and substitution

create a thesis for research.

Recovery activities are more cost-effective than traditional approaches such as

building a backup network. The cause of supply chain adaptability and abilities are normally

taken into consideration in mild of a few awaited occasions and areas of unresisting method,

which are to be used in case of an exigency (W. W. S. S. Amelie M.2021).

Also, the modern COVID-19 epidemic has discovered problems with inside the well-

timed deployments of adaptability methods and their utility for fee introduction. An outline

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

7

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

that merges distinctive viewpoint of powerful adaptability and reduces the utility of

adaptability abilities for the introduction of fee is therefore given. We need to conceptualize

the layout of the energetic Operation of Resilience body for supply chain operation to

complete organizing the existing works on fee introduction- familiar adaptability and realistic

exemplifications and finishing our evaluation with the dialogue of realistic executions.

Adaptability as an essential, energetic, and fee-developing detail of operations opinions (R.

B. D. P. A. Z. I. Aldrighetti.,2021) has become aware of exploration regions for spare

adaptability integrating operation and virtual systems and technology. The issues of our

check will be employed by delivering chain and operations administrators to ameliorate the

effectiveness and effectiveness with the resource of the utilization of turning ability from

non-resistant, cost-the use of technique correct right into a price-creating, comprehensive

decision-making paradigm. we tend to advocate a spic-and-span technique to carry

comparable dynamics to the perception of providing chain adaptability (C. Q. M. Z. Y. R. L.

Cheng,.2018). we tend to name our method Air and articulate its beloved blessing because of

the discount of dislocation anticipation sweats and price creation from adaptability technique.

This research provides a dialogue on exploration instructions in the direction of spare

adaptability.

1.1 Project Aim

The project aims at developing ways of supplying high quality material for

construction project at reduced cost. This is to counter the increase in cost of construction

material and their transportation that have been contributed by the COVID-19 pandemic

(Dabo Guan, 2020). In this project we will look at the effective ways to manage the

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

8

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

construction material supply chain which will account for the best supply chain control

strategies to adopt.

1.2 Background Work

Construction projects have been greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic

including the restrictions that have been put in place. The restriction has resulted in

some businesses closing down and others reducing the workers. The effect of this is

increase in the cost of materials and their transportation. supply chain in construction

projects covers labour and material. The restrictions require less workers at site

which means more time for the project and cost. Low production form companies

have resulted in the price of materials going up.

1.3 Problem statement

The construction industry supply chain has been greatly affected by the

COVID-19 effects which include restrictions and requirements put in place. This

has resulted in the cost of obtaining construction materials rising and increase in

project completion time. Reduced production of construction materials has resulted

in their high cost as the companies try to keep up with the rising cost of production.

This cost has been transferred to the construction project stakeholders who are

incurring it. Restrictions such as maintaining distance has resulted in reduction in

the number of workers thus increasing the project time. All these challenges lie in

the supply chain section of the project.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

9

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

1.4 Evidence of work

This research shall therefore be beneficial to both the construction managers and the

clients as the clients will receive customized services of high quality whereas the

construction managers will be able to receive the knowledge required for

construction of high-quality products for their clients. This will be done by ensuring

that the supply chain in the construction industry is well managed to ensure the

provision of high-quality products from the suppliers. The research will be of value

to the other researchers as they get insights on how supply chain in construction is

being used to better the construction industry

1.5 Objectives

 Identify potential issues related to supply chain within the construction companies as

a results of COVID-19

 Identify supply chain management strategies used by construction projects/

companies to reduce the impact of COVID-19

 To identify ways to obtain construction materials at a reduced cost.

 To identify ways to reduce waste of construction materials and increase re-use so as to

reduce the amount purchased.

 To develop better supply chain management strategies that account for the COVID-19

requirements.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

10

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

1.6 Research Questions

 How construction projects/companies and their supplier dealt with the impact of

COVID-19 and how can their approaches be formalised in supply chain adaptation

strategies

 How to get the best quality construction material at the minimum prize.

 How to get the construction material at the right quantity and on time.

 How to improve the supply chain department

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

11

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

2 Introduction

Various members of the construction industry have experienced varying levels of

impacts from the COVID-19 outbreak. The nature of these impacts is dependent on the

locations of their businesses and the underlying projects. It has affected many aspects of

people's lives, and there's no avoidance of these impacts within the construction industry. One

area of supply chain disruption that has been identified is the material/supply chain. The

effects of material delays or shortages on a project are likely to last for a long time. To

minimize these impacts, both parties involved should regularly monitor the availability of

supplies and seek out other solutions (D. D. A. Ivanov,2020). Regardless of the type of

impact that a project may cause, all parties must work together to mitigate it. This is because

the COVID-19 Challenge requires new and creative ways to address these impacts. The

outbreak of COVID-19 is expected to continue to disrupt the supply chain and the schedule

of subcontractors. This issue can also cause facility management problems for manufacturers.

Company will place lesser emphasis on partnering with suppliers that have further

flexible processes to ensure durability of force. In addition, 62% agreed that the epidemic will

lessen companies’ concentrate on just- by- time (JIT) manufacturing models, in favor of

warehousing and force banks, for fresh protections against shutdowns. The calls for similar

change are a natural outgrowth of any disruptive event – directors might have expressed

analogous sentiment following the Great Recession – but also again, 2020 isn't 2009. The

epidemic, and prospects of unborn cataclysms, may permanently transfigure the global force

chain geography. This is especially true if manufacturers place further weight on the

significance of durability of force over traditional pricing and cost enterprises.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

12

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Follow up of the revolutionary phenomenon of COVID-19 (Convulsive Viral

Infection with Intense Delirium) indicates that the epidemic has grown larger and more

widespread than anticipated. COVID-19 is caused by a novel virus, propagated through

coughing and sneezing. This virus has extremely high mortality rates, exceeding 75% in its

first few weeks of spread, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The

characteristic symptom of COVID-19 is uncontrolled anxiety followed by acute anxiety

attacks. These attacks are associated with violent convulsions that lead to brain damage or

death after six days. The novel virus is believed to have originated in Africa, but has spread

rapidly throughout the world during the past six months. The number of reported cases in

Africa is presently at 500,000 per week and growing exponentially. Each week, another eight

million people are infected with the disease.Three million cases of this illness have been

reported in the United States. 90% of those who contracted the disease were within contact of

another that was known to be infected with COVID-19. The remaining 10% that contracted

this illness had contact with an unknown infectious carrier on board an international flight.

Each day, new reports come in of larger outbreaks on every continent. The disease is moving

quickly and it is spreading.

The spread of the disease has been enhanced by the airlines and cruise ships that carry

passengers and crew to and from infected areas. The airlines can no longer make money on

these flights, because of loss of stockholders; however, they continue to fly out of fear. The

cruise lines are under greater threat, because they move in and out of port like clockwork;

with no flexibility in their schedule.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

13

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

3 BACKGROUND DATA

Enterprises worldwide Bare facing significant challenges from the growing

competition and the destabilizing goods of climate, complaints, and other external threats.

The COVID-19 occurrence and world epidemic have vastly affected all areas of prudence

and society, raising a series of new decision-making settings for force chain experimenters

and interpreters (Y. C. K. C. S. I. D. Li,202). Supply chain operation has been recognized as a

critical capability to be suitable to navigate similar pitfalls successfully, with. The end of

designing robust and flexible logistics networks to help enterprises maintain and enhance

their competitive advantages as they encounter environmental turbulence. classified SC

pitfalls into different sorts of useful and dislocation chances. Functional chance typically does

now no longer affect the functionalities of the SC rudiments, even though it impacts the

useful factors. On the opposite hand, Dislocation threat is expounded to a selected kind of

event which will try this may affect the SC, the same as a natural disaster or a purposeful/

unintentional mortal action (e.g., war, terrorist attack, epidemic/ epidemic. outbreak, strike),

that are marked by an occasional liability of. circumstance and a high magnitude of

consequence.

The current research attempts to identify the link between these two chance factors

and especially the definition of their conflict bearing on the SC success rate. The analysis is

based on a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data from what our experience of more

than. 10 years' business process improvement projects, wherein we have been engaged in the

development of numerous force chains for more than various enterprises in several countries.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

14

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

To this end, we have conducted a content analysis and a content-based meta-analysis of the

literature pertaining to the development of enterprise force chains.

The main objective of this research is to provide tangible insights about how these

two factors affect the operational performance and agility of SC, and to serve as a guide for

force chain experimenters in their future projects. Since this research uses qualitative surveys

and analysis for data collection, we directly rely on what we consider believable and

meaningful information in order to draw out useful insights. It is our hope that this research

would be a useful aid to researchers and practitioners alike in identifying how to improve the

operational success of their force chains in a timely and meaningful way.

The need for enterprise change is nothing new, but with proper targeted knowledge

and skill, it can be accomplished more efficiently. In addition to gathering data from

extensive study on the topic, this research will also provide actionable insights from the

qualitative responses from the survey participants.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

15

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Figure.1 Adaptive Supply chain

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/HGdyT9KPUoH12CVD9

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

16

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

4 LITERATURE REVIEW

REVIEW

According to Ivanov (2021), the virus has affected numerous areas, including the

supply chain. From this article, the author identifies that the supply chain sector was affected

and relevant in construction ways of reducing the cost had to be reviewed. Construction had

to go on even during the virus. Due to the many restrictions put in by WHO to reduce the

spread of the Corona Virus, construction materials could barely be accessed, and the few

materials found their way to the city. One of the ways that COVID forced the construction

companies to adopt is substitution. For example, companies have been forced to use different

materials like concrete. The absent materials can be replaced or substituted by those which

could be easily accessed without interfering with the health restrictions. The other is

scalability and repurposing. Repurposing is where you use the materials you have for more or

different purposes than you previously planned.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

17

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/jRnevSqY6k9h1UzE9

For example, the building materials are repurposed to create new things. It is also

important to note that it is important to have a good working relationship with suppliers,

because if the business wants special products or materials, they have to purchase them from

their suppliers. This means that they will need more of their supplies, but it is more cost

effective if they wait until the supply will be available again, this also applies for patients

seeking medication, or any other medical supplies.

SCALABILITY

Scalability is the ability of a company or organization to make use of the available

materials or resources though inadequate to meet the required purpose. Ivanon (2021)

explains that a solution to some of the inconveniences in supply chain that have been caused

by COVID 19 can be solved with scalability. If an organization adopts scalability, the

available resources can be used in a way that all the needs are met satisfactory. For example,

the available resources are used in a way that they can serve the purpose as a limit in

movement has stopped major activities like supply chain.

Some companies are expanding their operation to meet the demands of customers.

They are also taking into consideration that what materials are readily available in the market,

not what is needed. For example, if a construction company can’t access important raw

material items, they must be able to replace them with something close by that will still

accomplish the work needed.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

18

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Substitution

In construction, different clients prefer different materials used in their projects

according to their tastes and preferences. With the COVID situation today, substitution is

allowed to keep the project going and if the client allows you. This will happen if the

company can’t access the particular material is not available and there is another which can

still accomplish the purpose. For example, the client might have preference on a particular

kind of ballast but it cannot be accessed due to the reigning COVID regulations. However, if

there is a similar material of the same quality, the organization can discuss with the client for

substitution.

4.1.1 REUSABILITY

Ivanon (2021) also discusses a solution to the impacts of Corona virus on supply

chain and construction as reusability. According to his research, he explains that supply chain

and construction companies can be encouraged to make good use of the available resources.

Before the pandemic, supply chain ran smoothly and therefore construction sites were

receiving enough materials. However, the normal supply was disrupted and companies are

expected to be more creative in their work. One way of solving this problem is by reusing

materials that they had previously disposed of but are still useful.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

19

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

REPRESENTATIVE REFLECTIONS

FROM PARTICIPANTS

Based on the survey, the representative reflections from the participants are

summarized below.

Would be affected

by COVID

Will companies

need to change

Are adaptation by

system changes

necessary

Yes 28 15 16

No 19 32 31

Table.1 Data regarding nominal collection

Data for interview of 47 CEOs on corona impact on the construction Supply Chain.

The responses indicate that most of them do not think they would be affected by

COVID in construction industry (40.1 %), but they believe companies will have to adapt to

changes. In addition, most of them do not think there is a significant organizational change

needed because people will be able to adapt and get used to this type of scenario. to change,

but some companies will have to adapt their processes and systems (31.2 %). The rest of

them do not think there is a significant organizational change needed because they can adapt

to change, but some companies will have to adapt their processes and systems (33.7 %).

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

20

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Repurposing

This relates to the use of certain materials for more that the purpose they were set for.

Certain resources can be stretched to be used in more than just one purpose. For example,

personnel contracted to do the slab work can only have employed to do other assignments in

the organization. Similarly, the materials can be used for more than the purposes they were

made for. As the supply chain’s department is limited in the materials they can supply, it is

upon the construction team to come up with different strategies to achieve a come goal. One

of the strategies is to assign the materials to be used for more than just the purpose they are

made for. This can be done with determination and creativity to use the materials for other

purposes.

Repurposing is an activity to use the materials under construction for another purpose.

This is important because the materials are not available, and it keeps the chain running,

increases investment in short period of time, and reduces cost. We identify that the two

function opportunities to reduce external threats are raising suppliers' work performance and

safety. Currently, safety is an important issue in construction industry, because it has safety

risks that can cause damages to people's health if precautions are not taken.

Cost reduction

Painting an unused land is cost-effective. It is also used to control the site’s looks. The

painting can make the site look more attractive to pass any standard inspection. Savings on

supplies, fuel, and time are important factors for this strategy. This strategy can help to

reduce the use of materials. The current construction industry has faced many challenges

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

21

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

ranging from the regulation of health and safety to economic downturns. The key to reducing

these challenges is through reconstruction of knowledge, skills, and practices in order to

respond to new business needs. The high competition in the industry has presented many

challenges for Canadian construction companies especially in finding an adequate

replacement for older technologies. However, there are not techniques available that can

reduce the risks involved in this practice when implementing it. This is one of the major

challenges that construction companies face currently because it has caused many injuries.

(Amtower, 2008).The use of technology has played a big role in the development of

occupational safety and healthcare because it has provided a platform to access.

Although information this about method health is and considered safety. As a new

proper approach way to of health doing and business, safety it's management not can

effective be for achieved all through companies’ technology-based and approaches in where

all new environments. technologies for can example, be the used use both of in this

prevention process and in early a detection high-risk of situation risks can (Greene lead et to

al., poor 2010). performance and economic losses.

There are two types of risks that the organization faces when implementing the

repurposing method: Proper communication can help to avoid these risks when implementing

the repurposing method. The organization needs to reduce communication barriers such as

department segregation, attitude differences among different departments. In addition, proper

communication can increase the collaboration within the organization.

In terms of technology, it provides a platform to access information about any

healthcare issues at any time. For example, it can be used as a safety tool to reduce health

care-related risk by providing a better way for health care workers to manage safety and

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

22

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

health issues. This is important because it is a new approach that can provide more effective

management for safety and business operations. The repurposing method has been applied in

many different industries such as construction. It has been utilized since 1971 in the air cargo

industry as a way to control delays of materials from delayed shipments at airports.

Review

According to Golan et al. (2020), the supply chain and logistics sectors were affected

by COVID 19, where the impacts were adversely felt in the construction industry. The supply

of materials used in construction in the different areas was disrupted by the virus due to the

introduced restrictions to fight COVID I9. However, to not stop the construction sector, the

construction sector had to develop different techniques to meet the needs. One of them is

repurposing, where the available materials are used for more than the purposes they are set

for. The other is replacing or substituting the unavailable materials with those that can be

accessed.

INNOVATION IN SUPPLY CHAIN

There are different ways that can be used to solve the disruption caused by COVID 19

in the construction sector. With supply chain being a core department in the activities of

construction, urgent steps have to be taken to resolve the issue of delays, or any other

inconveniences caused by the COVID 19 restrictions. The advancements are aimed at making

the supply chain department more resilient and withstanding in the time of any calamity. The

innovations include alternative methods of distributing that will work regardless of the

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

23

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

calamity. According to Colan et al, (2020), the department can adopt measures such as

cheaper storage facilities that are aimed at holding more commodities. If before the calamity

many companies had great storage facilities which did not charge excessively, then many of

the activities would have been running regardless of the COVID 19 regulations. The supply

chain and logistics departments will be having enough materials in their stores that can be

supplied to the different construction sites. This would mean that construction activities

would still go on with the lockdowns on the many areas where they could get materials from.

Ivanon (2021) states that at the beginning of COVID 19, there was a lot of concern

regarding the impacts it would have on the construction industry, but most people had gotten

used to it. According to him, most people are adapting to this new reality and that they are

learning on how to work around it. For example, clients are encouraging suppliers to use their

products more than once for different projects. This will be to save materials. Also, they are

encouraging their companies to use the material which were recycled in different ways. They

are also encouraging companies to use cheaper materials that can provide the same function,

but at a cheaper price.According to the progress made by the supply chain and logistics sector

in Israel, there are also other advancements being made in terms of upgrading their facilities

and warehouses.

Adaptability

Depending on the intensity of COVID 19, supply chain should adapt to the different

changes that come with the pandemic. The effects of the pandemic include lockdowns

internally and on different country borders. This reduced the parameters of many construction

companies in terms of where they could get materials from. For those that required import ed

materials, other alternatives had to come in handy before the activities get stalled. This is one

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

24

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

way to solve the issues facing supply chain and affecting the construction sector during the

pandemic.

According to Ivanov (2021), the virus has affected numerous areas, including the

supply chain. From this article, the author identifies that the supply chain sector was affected

and relevant in construction ways of reducing the cost had to be reviewed. Construction had

to go on even during the virus. Due to the many restrictions put in by WHO to reduce the

spread of the Corona Virus, construction materials could barely be accessed, and the few

materials found their way to the city. One of the ways that COVID forced the construction

companies to adopt is substitution. For example, companies have been forced to use different

materials like concrete. The absent materials can be replaced or substituted by those which

could be easily accessed without interfering with the health restrictions. The other is

scalability and repurposing. Repurposing is where you use the materials you have for more or

different purposes than you previously planned. According to Golan et al. (2020), the supply

chain and logistics sectors were affected by COVID 19, where the impacts were adversely

felt in the construction industry. The supply of materials used in construction in the different

areas was disrupted by the virus due to the introduced restrictions to fight COVID I9.

However, to not stop the construction sector, the construction sector had to develop different

techniques to meet the needs. One of them is repurposing, where the available materials are

used for more than the purposes they are set for. The other is replacing or substituting the

unavailable materials with those that can be accessed.

There's a solid and growing works on robustness and adaptability as dual main

generalities for analyzing SC performance with severe query contemplation and concerning

dispersed disruptive measures (D. D. A. Ivanov,2019). Visionary and sensitive mitigation

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

25

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

strategies are two types of methods to evading against dislocation and to adding SC flexibility

(D. Ivanov,.2021). During the SC layout process, the visionary method builds. Robustness

and bills for viable disquiet without thinking of healing conduct. One of the maximums not

unusual place visionary mitigation techniques is making plans visionary redundancies e.g.,

buffer capacities. Over suppliers-placed force, preferred set up at the-disruption stage. On the

alternative hand, the reactive mitigation technique’s goal to acclimate the SC procedures and

systems whilst a disruptive occasion occurs. This can be done through parametrical or

structural accommodations, according to the inflexibility of the dislocation (R. B. D. I. D. Z.

Aldrighetti, 2021). The problem of designing flexible SC networks has been extensively

studied in recent times. Position models for planning dependable systems can be

astronomically grouped into two main orders that can reflect the different threat stations of

the decision-maker the threat-neutral and threat-antipathetic models.

At the end of the article, it states that if one is affected by the Teraborica disease, then

there are ways where you can avoid, fight and cure the disease. According to this article by

Ivanov (2021), you can develop plans to improve your resilience. If there is a pandemic, they

want to keep their supplies stocked up with materials. The reason why they would want this

is because they will need to be ready in case of an emergency or during a pandemic. The

other reason is to have a backup plan in case anything goes wrong during a pandemic.

Another article by Aldrighetti (2021), an Italian physicist named Fabio De Michele

develops a system using a mathematical model in which you can predict the spread of a

disease. The model he created is a simple but powerful tool, which can be used in many

different situations, such as epidemics and natural disasters. When he developed this model,

he used an example of the H1N1 virus that spread in 2009. The main goal for this project was

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

26

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

to try to predict the extent of the spread of the disease. In his article, he talks about how

scientists were not able to predict what was going to happen during this pandemic and how it

affected different countries differently.

According to De Michele (2021), in 2009, there was a huge epidemic of the H1N1

virus. This is an influenza caused by the surface of the influenza He A goes virus on and to it

state originated that from the swine is and going birds. to The try spread and of use this a

disease mathematical was model really in fast which and you scientists can couldn’t predict

how spread easily of it a would disease. spread in to his other article, countries. he When

talks this about disease how started scientists impacting were many not different able

countries, to scientists predict tried what to was figure going out to if happen they during

could this use pandemic models and to how predict it how affected difficult different it

countries would differently. be He for goes one on particular to country state to that fight he

against is the going disease to and try how and far use it as would mathematical spread.

model in which you can predict the spread of a disease. For example, if there was an

epidemic where 2000 people got infected, then after two months 500 will get infected and so

on. This is an example of an epidemic where the number of infected people will keep rising

over time.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

27

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

5 METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

The case study is designed to offer insights on how to conduct geographical studies,

examine the first three stages of the construction supply chain, and design measures that can

be taken to improve future projects.

The case study is divided into three parts: (i) the environment and socio-economic

aspects of construction, (ii) the construction sector and project development, and (iii) the

evaluation of adaptation strategies. Each part is structured around three themes: (i) the

construction sector, (ii) adaptation strategies, and (iii) the evaluation of adaptation strategies.

The case study is divided into three parts: Part I. Case Study Introduction. This part

provides a framework for the study, discusses the research methodology and aims, and

introduces the three case studies. Part II. Case Study of FRANCE This part describes the

industry scenario in France, describes the countries major players and discusses how

companies are responding to regulatory changes. Part III. Case Study of INDIA This part

examines the scenario of the Indian construction industry describes the regulatory changes

over the last 5 years in India, and discusses how companies are responding to these changes.

Part IV. Case Study Analysis This part provides the research results, draws conclusions, and

provides recommendations.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

28

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The main research methodology used in the case studies was the co-productivity

index, also known as 'the three Rs' – deregulation, technological change, and regulation.

These concepts are described in greater detail below. The Co-productivity Index (the

3 Rs) The term co-productivity has been used to refer to two different concepts. The first is to

refer to the performance of an individual actor within a system. In this case, the actor is the

building contractor; for example, the system is an organization's specific project or activity.

In this instance, co-productivity refers to the total output divided by the total input of that

actor or business process unit – that is, its productivity of outputs relative to inputs. The

second meaning is to refer to the performance of an organization as a whole. In this case, co –

productivity refers to the organization's output divided by the inputs used to produce that

output. The concept of co-productivity can be used in several major areas, including

construction, utilization, deregulation, technological change, regulation. Construction Co-

productivity The first two steps in conducting a co-productivity study are determining the

sources of inputs and outputs used in a company's business. The 3Rs are then used on all

these inputs and outputs that are measured, and the resulting ratio gives the measure of co-

productivity for that company. Co-productivity in the construction sector is used to describe a

company's performance compared to its competitors, which refers to their total outputs

divided by total inputs. The use of the 3Rs allows us to examine the impact government

regulation has had on change in co-productivity. A study was conducted based on companies

building multi-storied buildings where co-productivity ratios were calculated for each

building type. This allowed us to compare how different governmental policies have affected

the level of output for building types where government regulations are present.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

29

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Case Study of FRANCE

In France, all multi-storied buildings were required only to utilize steel reinforcement

before 2010.

Co-productivity ratios were then calculated for buildings built before and after this

date. We can draw the overall conclusion that government regulat ion affected the level of

performance in the buildings built, with co-productivity increasing due to this legislation. To

illustrate, before 2010, the co-productivity ratio for steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) was 0.26

(0.0076/0.277; or 26%), whereas after 2010 it was 0.32 (0.0112/0.274; or 32%).

Thus, the legislation had a positive impact on co-productivity. Since the industry has

started to shift from SRC to concrete and reinforced concrete (RC), we can make conclusions

based on the performance of these types of buildings and how co-productivity has been

affected by government regulation. Concrete and RC Co-productivity The first two steps in

conducting a co-productivity study are to determine the sources of inputs and outputs used in

a company's business. 1. The 3Rs are then used on all these inputs and outputs that are

measured, and the resulting ratio gives the measure of co-productivity for that company.

Concrete is a traditional building material, but concrete is changing. Today concrete is

reconfiguring itself in how it was designed 10 years ago. Since 2007, hard concrete has been

replacing the role of Steel in structural engineering. The impact of this change can be seen in

how concrete has grown over time (see Figure 1).

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

30

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Figure 2: Hard concrete technology has increased over time and is replacing

Steel in the building industry.

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/MtPihY5evAGdjuzh9

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

31

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Figure 3: Illustrates how concrete is changing.

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/VLD5XiWqGKSLMcWc8

This change has become more evident as concrete production has increased by 27%,

whereas Steel (siding) consumption has decreased by 20%. Figure 2: Concrete consumption

to increase, while consumption of Steel has decreased. 2. The impact of this change can be

seen in how concrete has grown over time (see Figure 1). Figure 1: 3 illustrates how concrete

technology has increased its overshare time off and the floor replacing the construct steel

industry. In The the change building has industry. Figure more 2 evident illustrates how we

concrete can is see changing. This concrete change production has become increasingly more

by evident 27%, as whereas we the can consumption see of the steel-concrete (siding)

production has decreased increased by 20%. 27%,

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

32

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Figure 4 Concrete consumption of steel increases (siding) while consumption

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/iDMVvD1GafNDiRc1

A decreased by Steel 20%. The decreased. Usage of concrete in the building industry

shows an increase on-trend for this particular period (see Figure 3). Figure 3: Hard Concrete's

growth over time. 3. The impact of this change can be seen in how concrete has grown over

time (see Figure 1). Figure 4: Hard Concrete's growth over time. The future of construction

The construction industry relies on retaining the demand for Steel in the market by making it

more efficient. We are working to reduce the amount of Steel needed to build a tall building,

therefore reducing costs for the building owner and making it easier to construct tall

buildings.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

33

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Figure5: Shows the high growth trend for this particular period.

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/RzFWFQNsfLR7LSav8

The growth trend of concrete is expected to continue until 2022, as shown in: Figure.6

Forecast of the growth of concrete production over time. 4. The impact of this change can be

seen in how concrete has grown over time (see Figure 1). The overall result we can take from

this study is that we should not expect co-productivity ratios to decrease without government

intervention. Current regulations should be reviewed, and it would benefit the building

industry to evaluate and change regulations to reflect new market trends and technological

changes. The industry is demanding improved working conditions and improved health and

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

34

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

safety standards. Figure 7: Concretes current trends for the next ten years Figure 5: Forecast

of the growth of concrete production over time. Since the 1960s, constructions have been

built with concrete. Concrete is becoming more important in the construction industry. The

demand for Steel in the construction industry decreases while substantial increases. We are

changing the way buildings are constructed Figure to 6: reduce Forecast costs while concrete

still production maintained over time. high

Case Study of INDIA

Abstract In recent years, there has been a huge growth in the construction sector. This

increase is due to the various developmental projects that various state governments of India

have undertaken and from the major government initiatives. This study aims to show India's

construction sector's scope and performance over the years. The research objectives are: 1)

To explore the current scenario of India's construction industry. 2) To study various

government programs conducted in the building sector over the last three decades. 3) To

identify trends of growth (incremental value-added) of the constructions industry, both by

private and public sectors, including contribution margins for the concrete industry. 4) To

evaluate each program on execution efficiency, economic benefits, and social impact. 5) To

suggest improvement strategies to expedite the growth of the constructions sector. Chapter 1:

Historical Background 1.1 Introduction The construction industry has been evolving since its

inception. It has been playing a vital role in the GDP growth of any nation for decades now.

The real growth in the building construction market is mainly contributed by five segments,

namely residential, commercial, civil engineering, industrial, and infrastructure sectors. The

research focuses on this market's concrete segment, which forms a major share in India's

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

35

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

construction market. Along with the concrete segment, other segments are also studied to

study the impact on the overall construction industry. 1.2 Stages of the research comprises

three stages: descriptive analysis, theoretical framework, and model building. Stage 1:

Descriptive analysis This stage involves a literature review to understand the scope of the

construction industry in India. Further, it involves some analytical techniques for this

purpose. Stage 2: Theory building This stage involves researching some theories for this

purpose. Some macroeconomic models like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), national income

accounting, and simple linear models help evaluate the construction sector's performance

over time. The key parameters of these models are studied along with their relationship with

different phases of the construction industry like infrastructure development, housing

development projects. To study its impact on the construction industry (GDP). Stage 3:

Model building This stage involves developing a model to correlate both parameters of the

construction industry with GDP, national income accounting, and a simple linear model. The

models are tested on India's historical data for 1993-2014.

State of India's Construction Industry

5.1.1 Introduction

To understand the situation of the construction industry in India, this chapter is divided into

four sections. Section 1 represents the latest scenario of the Indian construction industry by

analyzing its current performance through macroeconomic indicators like Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) and National Income Accounting. Section 2 analyses the growth trends of the

Indian construction sector by different industries over the last three decades by using

different approaches like integration technique, trend line, regression.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

36

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Section 3 analyses the concrete industry's contribution margins, which form a major

share in India's construction market. Section 4 analyzes government schemes and plans for

the building sector to provide jobs to the youths.

5.1.2 National income accounting

The national income is a commonly used macroeconomic indicator, where it is a

measure of total output produced by a nation's economy over some time. It is also a useful

tool for analyzing each segment of the economy's performance and growth path, as it helps in

comparing various parameters across different segments or under different economic policies.

Thus, national income is the monetary value of all the goods and services produced in a

country over some time. It can also be represented in dollars ($) or other currency units. The

basic features of the national income account are: It tallies all economic activities, including

domestic and international transactions. It shows changes in an economy's total resources

over some time.

5.1.3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the common macroeconomic indicators used

to measure economic performance at market prices. It is the monetary value of all final goods

and services produced by an economy over a given period. It is a useful tool for analyzing

various aspects of the economy, including the growth rate of gross national product or GDP.

One of the major headlines for the Indian economy has been its incredible growth in the past

decade. In this section, we have tried to understand what has been responsible for this

impressive growth? How long can the Indian economy go without a cyclical slowdown?

Furthermore, how fast would India grow in the future?

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

37

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

5.1.3.1 National income accounting

The national income is a commonly used macroeconomic indicator, where it is a

measure of total output produced by a nation's economy over some time.

5.1.4 Indian Construction Industry Growth Trends

5.1.4.1 Introduction

The growth of India's construction sector has been phenomenal over the years, as it

has contributed largely to the GDP growth of the Indian economy. Besides its contribution to

GDP growth, the construction industry provides jobs to the youths at their end of life.

Further, the construction industry is also an important contributor to employment

generation and social security. The current study tries to understand the growing trend of

different segments of the Indian construction market by using different approaches like

integration technique, trend line, regression.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

38

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Figur.6 Growth Graph data

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/hp1Ac7E6s5xBK2ix6 z

Implementation of ADAPTATION

STRATEGIES FOR CONSTRUCTION

SUPPLY CHAIN DURING COVID-19

Developing a realistic simulation model can be a complex task since many variables

must be considered. The main advantage of this study is to allow the construction managers

to operate in a real environment where they can find alternatives to reduce costs and ensure

the achievement of the project objectives. The main objective of this project is to study and

analyze the performance of construction supply chains and provide a tool to reduce costs and

ensure the achievement of the project objectives. The main objectives of this project are: 1)

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

39

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

To model various CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY CHAINS that exist in India, including both

traditional and modern 2) To model multiple scenarios such as non-renewable materials,

extra duty, duty, foreign exchange rate variation. For all types of supply chains. This would

allow us to understand better how different factors affect cost and schedule performance. 3.

scenarios where the project may face problems will allow the construction managers to make

decisions based on detailed analysis of all alternatives. 3) To complete data collection,

provide inputs for all main variables required, and construct the 2D simulation model. This

will require input from several sources, consisting of complete data for all modules required

in this simulation model. Most of these sources are already available in Chandramangala

University Library. The construction managers need to use this tool when preparing plans to

reduce their costs during the implementation phase of projects. 4) During the implementation

phase, backup is provided when the implementation team or project engineers need help in

identifying possible problems in implementation in real-time. The different data sources from

the project management will be used. The most important input for this tool is the input from

the implementation team.

CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY CHAIN IN

INDIA

Many construction supply chains exist in India; this and would large enable number

them of to organization take provides corrective and act ions variety and of ensuring services

that achievement contributes to the construction project projects objectives. In 5) different To

parts further of improving India. The output primary of objective of the construction this

sector, study we are encouraged to entrepreneurship understand and how technological these

innovations supply in chains construction operate, sector. 3.3 variation Impact; if the

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

40

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

construction sector contributes more than 10% to GDP, then it is most likely that the

economy is developing, and its current level of development can be assessed using GDP as a

proxy variable. India's current level of development is very poor as its share in the

construction sector is very less (2%).

Implementation and testing is as follows;

1. Data collection is done from different sources such as project managers,

construction engineers (civil and electrical), material suppliers (cement, Steel, excavation,

and other items used), labor contractors, and laborers. 2. Inputs are collected from the project

managers of all the selected projects at random. The construction managers decide how to

handle cost reduction before implementing the project. 3. Installation of computer systems to

input all the data at BCS-RACS. 4. The computer systems are connected to a projector, and

all the project managers can view the outputs on the screen. At this stage, if any project

managers require further details, they can ask to change their inputs and create new scenarios.

Part IV. Case Study Analysis

5.1.5 The project results

Case show Studies The case studies construction used industry in this France study

has been witnessed mostly very technical interesting in growth nature since and 1967. depict

It various has aspects grown of quite the consistently Indian since construction then.

IndustryIndustry. These also case studies how to include different the factors, private such

sector as projects, economic which development, take industrialization, more population

attention growth to. As a result, the cost has been reduced. Therefore, impacted the growth of

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

41

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

the industry. One can also use the model to obtain and obtain and obtain multiple scenarios

and study various implementation strategies.

The case Study has that is the Construction industry in A shown in France for around

1960 and 2010. shows the development of industry The construction industry in India had

started developing at the beginning of the 20th century. The importance of this study is to

understand how the major components of cost (Unit Costs, Direct Materials Cost, Direct

Labour Cost, Indirect Costs) have changed over time and how it has impacted the growth rate

in a particular period.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

42

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

6 The project results

The Case study of the construction industry in France Industry France shows very

interestingly because it has witnessed some major changes since 1960 – 1970. It clearly states

that different factors have influenced the development of the industry.It can also be used as a

case study to understand the construction industry in India better.

Project management is an important part of the construction industry, the importance

of the project is to ensure that all requirements are met by the end of the project. Project

management is an important tool to ensure that all projects are implemented, and the project

objectives and goals are met. The construction industry in France has witnessed some

significant changes since 1960 – 1970. It is very interesting because it has witnessed some

major changes since 1960 – 1970. It clearly states that different factors have influenced the

development of the industry, such as economic development, industrialization, economic

growth (increased capacity utilization), and population growth (increased demand for

construction activities). This case study can be used to understand the changes in the input

and output in the construction industry in India. The analysis presented here can be used to

understand how different inputs and outputs have influenced the economic growth and

sustainability of India's economy and be used to understand more about the construction

industry in Bangladesh. This project management tool has been used on a very large scale

with low data availability; this data availability has been improved periodically, such as more

accurate inputs on prices and scale labor. Has been used in India, and most of the projects

implemented in India were implemented here. We can conclude that there has been a major

impact on the construction industry in Bangladesh, but this case study shows a need to

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

43

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

increase further the input from Indian engineers who have been trained abroad by Indian

companies. This project management tool has been used on a very large scale and has been

used in India, and most of the projects implemented in India were implemented here.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

44

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

7 Conclusion

The research's conclusion describes and defines the influence of two critical factors

on the performance and agility of supply chain operations. Two types of chance events were

analyzed: functional and dislocation. Research has shown that these two factors can affect an

enterprise's operational success and agility; however, their relationship is complex. The

research found that enterprises more vulnerable to functional chance events tended to be less

agile or adaptable in their product design and production processes. When a functional factor

threatens an enterprise's operations, it generally tends to cause a problem with its ability to do

something successfully or effectively. For this reason, we will refer to this as a functional

disadvantage.

On the other hand, when a dislocated chance event threatens an enterprise's

operations, it will generally threaten its existence in a very direct and obvious manner. For

this reason, we will refer to this as a dislocation disadvantage. The research found, through

each of these two types of chance events, the extent to which they tend to affect an

enterprise's operations, the extent to which they affect an enterprise's ability to do something

successfully or effectively, and thus find that while functional factors tend to lead to more

effective performance in supply chain operations, dislocation factors tend to lead to more

effective performance in supply chain operations. The research found a relationship between

functional factors and agility in that the greater the functional disadvantage, the smaller the

agility. There is also a relationship between dislocation factors and agility in that there are

still other factors that are either exacerbating an attempt at increased flexibility or even

reducing it. The research found a relationship between functional factors and agility in that

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

45

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

the greater the functional disadvantage, the smaller the agility. There is also a relationship

between dislocation factors and agility in that there are still other factors that are either

exacerbating an attempt at increased flexibility or even reducing it. The research found a

relationship between functional factors and agility in that the greater the functional

disadvantage, the smaller the agility. There is also a relationship between dislocation factors

and agility in that there are still other factors are either exacerbating an attempt at increased

flexibility or even reducing it.”).

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

46

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

8 RECCOMENDATIONS

For future research, it is recommended to conduct a study of how many new retail

stores were opened and their performances in the market. Also, another important factor is to

conduct a study on the effect of various factors such as sustainability and health on the

performance of retail store. The study also provides information on the role of top executive

teams and their strategies in their ability to minimize disruptions and the amount of stock out

cost. It is important to understand how executive teams can develop businesses that can use

data insights as a proactive competitive advantage rather than a reactive response to

disruption.

In addition to this, this information can be used by the upper management of retail

stores companies related networks and their suppliers during construction periods such as

COVID-19. The fewer disruptions a business faces, the more money it will make. This study

shows that average sales revenue losses from disruptions were more significant for

companies with high sales revenues per square foot of 4,750$ per square foot of sales

revenue.This information can be used by executive teams of both Retail Store Companies and

Construction Supply Chains during periods of high risks such as COVID-19. For example,

Retail store companies can use the study results to develop strategies for reducing risks and

stock out cost.

Further research and implementation of predictive and forecast model could be done

by using AI and Machine Learning tools to understand the possible factors affecting supply

chain. Future study could improve upon this area by including additional information such as:

supplier performance, market conditions and supplier performance. Data collection and

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

47

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

analysis can be done by using accessible tools such as google analytics, market forecast and

weather forecast to understand the implications of Supply Chain disruptions. Finally, there

are many factors affecting Supply Chain performance during Construction Operations.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

48

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

9 REFLECTIVE ACCOUNT

Project management approach

The common mistake in projects is to assume that the project is headed in the right

direction and to assume that people and things around us will give their best even if they are

not 100% on board with the project. The aim of this study is to understand what will happen

if there is no subcontractor. This will help to establish the scope of the research and thus

allow the scope of the project to be narrowed down.

The aim of this research was to understand what will happen if there is no

subcontractor. The purpose of this was to inform the project manager of the best way to

conduct the work. Our findings show that total costs are reduced by more than 20% if there is

no subcontractor in the complete model, which shows that it will be highly beneficial for

construction companies to have a source of its own material within its own factory.

Professional Development

In the course of this project I gained professional skills. It is inevitable for a student

to get stuck in the middle of the project and could not complete it. However, I was fortunate

enough to complete this project to its full extent. Although the project was completed early

than the proposed date, I feel that it should have been done even earlier than when I did.

There were somethings that were not explored and discussed and there were somethings that

deserved more attention and thought. My personal reflection of this project is that we should

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

49

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

have spent more time in conducting further research and exploring ways on how to reduce

disruptions in supply chains.

The aim of the project was to reduce the disruptions in supply chains by using

adaptive strategies for construction supply chain during COVID-19. We need to create

effective meetings by making sure that different people are communicating effectively, value

is created during the meetings. It is vital for the project manager to ensure the team works

towards the common goal. In this research project I have been able to explore different

methods of communication and understand how I can improve my ability to be a better team

member.

Communication approach

When we discussed the actions we would need to take and the measures we would

need to execute to reduce disruptions in our supply chains, the first action that was proposed

was for all projects to enter into a collaboration with universities and research departments.

This will allow for all projects to benefit from the facilities and experience that is gained by

the universities.

The second action was to develop models to predict the stock out costs of construction

supply chains. This will allow projects to predict impacts on stock out cost before they

happen. The third action was to conduct further research on the topic of supply chain

disruptions during COVID-19. The aim of this was to provide more insight on how disruptive

supply chains affect other sectors such as retail stores.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

50

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

The fourth action was to establish a supply chain center where all projects can

collaborate and communicate with each other. In this way, we could share our data insights

and experiences with each other and thus make better plans for mitigation measures in the

future.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

51

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Impacts of COVID 19

It is clear that supply chain disruptions during COVID-19 will be highly disruptive

and costly to the construction supply chains, for example there is a loss of revenue of more

than 20% in some cases. This shows that we need to work together and ensure that we can

mitigate disruptions.

COVID-19 is an abbreviation forcoronavirus disease of 2019. The crisis is expected

to be a significant concern for a broad range of businesses and their supply chains. The U.S.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has begun to warn about the potential

impact on the food, manufacturing, retail, transportation, tourism, oil and gas industries.

The impacts of this for businesses for these industries will vary depending on what

industry they are in as well as how vulnerable they are to COVID-19 outbreaks. This article

discusses strategies that businesses can put into place before COVID-19 begins impacting

their operations in order to help maintain continuity during the crisis period that will likely

incur price increases or shortages of and some gas, products and due logistics to industries,

disruptions as in well supplier as networks. the potential impact on the overall economy.

Generally, supply chain risk management has always been an important aspect of

business operations. The value of goods and services transacted across sectors has increased

significantly in recent years due to globalization. Supply chain risk management is

particularly important due to the ever expanding element of technology in business

operations.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

52

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Furthermore, it is important that businesses adopt a formalized approach to mitigate

COVID-19 risks. This approach should specifically focus on educating employees on how

they should handle issues that arise during or after COVID-19 strikes.

There have been a number of fraud cases in the past where employees have

fraudulently stolen personal or business information or resources for personal gain. These

fraud cases show that they are not only capable of fraud, they are also willing to commit

fraud.

Additionally, businesses must focus on additionalThese precautions will to help

further to mitigate insure their than risk there from are COVID-19. no Implementing lost

policies productivity, and morale procedures or reputation avoids issues. fraud It during is

supply important chain that activities companies is educate important, the but public

businesses about can the also potential implement risk technology of to COVID-19 prevent as

fraud well from as occurring there in are the many first people place. who for may example,

not the be use aware of mobile how devices the during virus supply could chain impact

transactions in their lives.

There become are common many place; things thus, that using can mobile be devices

done to access help confidential prevent information COVID-19 should from be impacting

prohibited businesses while operations. on Some supply of chain these jobs. things include

following these guidelines:

» Provide training for all employees on the various symptoms and signs of COVID-19

infection. Those who know about COVID-19 should be trained on how to avoid it should

they encounter it.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

53

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

» Follow all government regulations regarding vaccination and quarantine should an

outbreak occur.

» Have a contingency plan in place to help mitigate issues that arise during COVID-

19. For example, with respect to businesses that are involved in the food industry, it is

important to have contingency plans in place for any food shortages that occur following an

outbreak.

» Implement access control measures on mobile devices using security programs such

as 1-Click or Prey so that employees don't have direct access to a company's network and

confidential data.

Building Science Canada (BSc) is implementing the Building Code of Canada (BCC)

and it is important to understand how these codes will affect us and be prepared for any

potential impacts. The BCC requires standardization in the construction industry, so it has

been recommended by Building Science Canada's website that all projects should be

compliant with the code before they bid on a project.

It is important to understand which parts of the code will affect us and how we can

comply with these parts. For example, it is important to know how to use the new

technologies that are implemented in the BC Code. In this way, we can implement them into

our supply chain to ensure that we give providing a better service to our customers.

In this way, we will be able to have a competitive advantage by ensuring that we have

adopted these new technologies well before our competitors do so. There has been a lot of

research conducted on supply chain disruptions and business impact but there has not been

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

54

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

much studies focusing on construction supply chains and their related construction projects

during COVID-19.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

55

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

SYNERGY

It was important for all projects to work together during the project. For example, it

was important for different projects to share their data insights on how disruptions affect

them and from where they can reduce costs from. This allowed for all of us to have a broader

perspective on the whole project and this will help us to identify better mitigation strategies

that allow us to reduce disruptions in future.

“A project manager will use the word SYNERGY to describe the overall positive

synergy that can exist among stakeholders, team members, and others.”

As you begin your journey of managing your new construction supply chain, always

remember to take time for yourself, you are your most important asset. This project will not

be successful if you do not take care of yourself, so make time for yourself to relax and

unwind. This can be in the form of taking a vacation or just spending time with friends and

family.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

56

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

10 References

W. W. S. S. Amelie M., "The Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Supply Chains and

Their Sustainability: A Text Mining Approach," no.

https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2021.631182, 2021.

R. B. D. P. A. Z. I. Aldrighetti, "Costs of resilience and disruptions in supply chain network

design models: A review and future research directions.," International Journal of

Production Economics, vol. 235, no. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108103, 2021.

C. Q. M. Z. Y. R. L. Cheng, "A two-stage robust approach for the reliable logistics network

design problem.," Transportation Research Part B, vol. 111, no.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2018.03.015, pp. 185-202, 2018.

D. D. A. Ivanov, "OR-methods for coping with the ripple effect in supply chains during

COVID-19 pandemic Managerial insights and research implications.," International Journal

of Production Economics , no. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107921, 2020.

Y. C. K. C. S. I. D. Li, "Ripple Effect in the supply chain network: Forward and Backward

Disruption Propagation, Network Health and Firm vulnerability," European Journal of

Operational Research, 2020.

A. U. M. F. J. Snoeck, "A stochastic program to evaluate disruption mitigation investments

in the supply chain," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 274, no.

DOI:10.1016/j.ejor.2018.10.005, pp. 516-530, 2019.

D. D. A. Ivanov, "Low-Certainty-Need (LCN) supply chains: a new perspective in managing

disruption risks and resilience," Journal of Production Research, vol. 57, no.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1521025, pp. 5119-5136, 2019.

D. Ivanov, "Lean resilience: AURA (Active Usage of Resilience Assets) framework for

post-COVID-19 supply chain managemen," International Journal of Logistics Management

forthcomin, no. DOI:10.1108/IJLM-11-2020-0448, 2021b.

Golan, M.S., Jernegan, L.H. and Linkov, I., 2020. Trends and applications of resilience

analytics in supply chain modeling: systematic literature review in the context of the

COVID-19 pandemic. Environment Systems and Decisions, 40, pp.222-243.

R. B. D. I. D. Z. Aldrighetti, "Costs of resilience and disruptions in supply chain network

design models: A review and future research directions," International Journal of

Production Economics, vol. 235, no. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108103, 2021.

S. C. a. H. S. N. Andersen, "Learning from Performance Information," journal of Public

Administration Research and Theory, 2019.

H. H. S. Simon Burgess, "Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on

education," 2020.

A. U. M. F. J. Snoeck, "A stochastic program to evaluate disruption mitigation investments

in the supply chain.," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 274, no. DOI:

10.1016/j.ejor.2018.10.005, pp. 516-530, 2019.

S. T. A. M. Ezzatollah A., "Sustainable Supply Chain Network Design: A Review on

Quantitative Models Using Content Analysis," no. DOI:10.22097/eeer.2019.184458.1081,

2019.

J. L. M. P. Seungbeom K., "Mathematical Modeling for Risk Averse Firm Facing Loss

Averse Customer’s Stochastic Uncertainty," Stochastic Systems and Control: Theory and

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

58

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Applications, no. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6810415, 2018.

A. M. M. Shojaei, "Efficient reliability–redundancy allocation with uniform importance

measure in presence of correlated failure," no.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1206212X.2018.1442135, pp. 378-391, 2018.

R. B. D. P. A. Z. I. Aldrighetti, "Disruption cost evaluation methods in Supply Chain

Network Design: state of the art and future steps, 24th Summer School “Francesco Turco”,"

Industrial Systems Engineering 2019, no. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108103, pp. 517-523,

2019.

Dickey, A., Pineda, V., Tsunemi, T., Liu, P., Miranda, H., & Gilmore-Hall, S. et al. (2015).

PPAR-δ is repressed in Huntington's disease, is required for normal neuronal function and

can be targeted therapeutically. Nature Medicine, 22(1), 37-45.

https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4003

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix A

Project Management Record

Meeting record (attendance) sheet.

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60

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

61

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

62

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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63

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

64

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

65

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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66

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix A.2 Attendances Report

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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68

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix B

ACTIVI

TY

August Septemb

er

October Novemb

er

Interview

ees

 X X X

Research

ers and

Company

   X

Planners   X X

Students

and Interested

parties

X X  

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Final Gantt Chart

A

ugust

E

arly

Septem

ber

M

id-

Septem

ber –

End of

Septem

ber

O

ctober

N

ovember

D

ecember

Research for

related areas and Issues

arising

Conducting

interviews

Implementation

of strategies on scale

models

Drawing up and

analyzing results

Write-up

Presentation

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix C Ethics Approval

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

74

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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75

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix.C.2 Mail Approval of Ethical Form

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix D Additional Info

This paper is based on an ethical analysis of COVID-19. In order to do so, I have

interviewed various parties involved in this incident. These interviews were conducted to

gain different perspectives on the outbreak and its effects.

In my final part of this paper, I discuss moral issues that have been presented

throughout the course of this outbreak. Finally, I have provided a recommendation for how

construction managers should respond to COVID-19 in order to prevent a negative effect on

their company.

Question Answers

Has COVID 19 made it

difficult to find employees?

Yes

No

Do you think COVID 19 will affect

businesses and how?

Largely

Slightly

Do you think adaptability is

the way to go?

Yes

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The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Question Answer

Has stock wearing been costly

overall since COVID 19 incidence?

Largely

Has COVID 19 impacted

General stock values?

Yes

Slightly

Has supply Chain dwindled

or improved in the course of the

pandemic?

Dwindled

Fallen Alittle

Every day, many construction professionals are required to make decisions for their

company. These decisions are based on the best information they have about the problem at

hand. During this phase, it is important to ask yourself, “What are my values?” The various

construction professionals I interviewed during this investigation had very different views on

COVID-19. This is the reason why I asked them to share their values.

The first person I interviewed was John, the owner of John’s Construction Company,

who told me that his values are “to provide our clients with great service and afford them

with the best money can buy.” Carmen, the network administrator for COVID-19 stated that

her values are “to be informed in how technology affects my work environment.

* Include scan of Ethics Online ‘Approval’ email

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

83

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix E risk assignment form

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

84

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

85

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

Appendix F Literature Review Matrix

KEY LITERAURE

/ PUBLICATION

Brief Remarks

Author Year Type

W. W. S. S.

Amelie M 2021 Journal The Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Supply Chains and Their

Sustainability: A Text Mining Approach,

R. B. D. P. A. Z.

I. Aldrighetti, 2021 Journal

Costs of resilience and disruptions in supply chain network design models: A

review and future research directions ..

C. Q. M. Z. Y. R.

L. Cheng, 2018 Journal

"A two-stage robust approach for the reliable logistics network design

problem.,"

D. D. A. Ivanov, 2020 Journal

OR-methods for coping with the ripple effect in supply chains during COVID-

19 pandemic Managerial insights and research implications

Y. C. K. C. S. I. D.

Li, 2020 Journal

"Ripple Effect in the supply chain network: Forward and Backward

Disruption Propagation, Network Health and Firm vulnerability

A. U. M. F. J.

Snoeck, 2019 Journal

"A stochastic program to evaluate disruption mitigation investments in the

supply chain,"

D. D. A. Ivanov, 2019 Journal

"Low-Certainty-Need (LCN) supply chains: a new perspective in managing disruption

risks and resilience," Journal of Production Research, vol. 57, no

D. Ivanov, 2021 Journal

Lean resilience: AURA (Active Usage of Resilience Assets) framework for post-

COVID-19 supply chain managemen,"

Reiter, L., Wangler, T.,

Anton, A., & Flatt, R. J. 2020 Journal

Setting on demand for digital concrete– principles, measurements, chemistry,

validation. Cement and Concrete Research, 132, 106047.

Golan, M.S.,

Jernegan, 2019 Journal

Trends and applications of resilience analytics in supply chain modeling: systematic

literature review in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

R. B. D. I. D. Z.

Aldrighetti, 2021 Journal

Costs of resilience and disruptions in supply chain network design models: A review and

future research directions,

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

86

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

GLOSSARY

Synergy; is when two or more things act together in a way that results in success.

Ethics: Ethics are the guidelines for decision-making, the principles of action. Ethics are also

called moral rules or values because they are applied to everyday decisions.

Code: A code is set rules that guide the conduct of persons or things, such as a set of words

or numbers. Codes are used in identifying or protecting sensitive information such as social

security numbers, bank account numbers and passwords. They may also be used to restrict

access to data based on certain criteria such as age, type of owner and other restrictive

conditions.

Contingency: Contingency is a type of risk management. It deals with the possibilities of an

event happening, and the effects if it does happen. Contingency plans can be part of business

strategy or risk management, or they can be legal provisions to protect against uncertain

events.

Standard error: standard error is a statistical measure which is used to specify the precision of

a statistic estimate.

Variation

Supply chain: supply chain is the management of "supplies" between the point of origin and

the point of consumption.

Economic downturns: economic downturns are the result of low or declining demand, either

global or regional phenomenon. Economic downturn phenomenon is often the result of a

Adaptation Strategies for Construction Supply Chain During COVID-19

87

The construction supply chain is an ecosystem in which the raw materials, the manufacturers and dealers of

building materials, and project management companies interface with each other in order to execute a

construction project. The supply chain is exposed to fast changes in the business environment and needs to be

flexible enough for adaptation.

consumers move towards buying less expensive goods during recessionary times. During

economic downturns, companies have to adjust their business strategy because fewer

consumer are willing to pay more for goods.

scalability: scalability is the ability of a system, such as a company, to handle an increasing

production load by adding more resources without losing quality.

Stock wearing fees: stock wearing fees are actually fees paid by the owner of stock. They are

used as a way to sell stocks and so that they can receive income from their shares, which they

would otherwise not receive. The less those fees are, the more income a person will receive

for their investment.