THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON SMART CITIES
Please write here a short background of the study. Preferably it should be a half page or to the maximum of one page description only. Be short and crisp. Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. Background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address. Please refer to the approved thesis template or consult your supervisor in case you require further clarification of the contents of any of the heading within the proposal template.
2. Statement of the problem
Write here a short statement of your research problem. A research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same. A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study.
A good research problem should address an existing gap in knowledge in the field and lead to further research. The problem statement will look different depending on whether you’re dealing with a practical real-world problem or a theoretical scientific issue. But all problem statements follow a similar process.
3. Literature Review
A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits into the larger field of study. Please refer to the approved thesis template in case you require further clarification of its content. Write here only a short description of major studies done in your field. Need not to be lengthy. Just a one page description will suffice.
4. Project Objectives
Please state the objectives of your project here. You need to only specify the objectives here. The objectives should be specific statements that define measurable outcomes, e.g. what steps will be taken to achieve the desired outcome. A project objective describes the desired results of a project, which often includes a tangible item. An objective is specific and measurable, and must meet time, budget, and quality constraints.
5. Target Population (Sampling Technique and Sample Size)
The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn. A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation. The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn. A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation. The people who take part are referred to as “participants”.
Please provide a description of your target population. Also indicate your expected sample size as well as what type of sampling will be used and why.
6. Data Collection Approach
Data collection is a process of collecting information from all the relevant sources to find answers to the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate the outcomes. Data collection methods can be divided into two categories: secondary methods of data collection and primary methods of data collection. You need to write here the types of data you will be using and also how you collected those sources of data.
7. Data Analysis
Provide a short description of how you will analyze the collected data. What are all the statistical tools you will be using for analysis and also mention the expected use of different types of statistical soft wares that will be used for interpreting the data. Example, data will be presented using table, figures, graphs, pie & charts. All results will be logically arranged so as to correspond to each research objectives indicated in the report. Illustrations will provide a simple summation of data in a clear & concise manner.
8. Potential Scope of the Project
You need to mention here how the outcome of your study will be useful to different kinds of readers. For example how the outcome will be used by other researchers For example, you need to mention here how your study outcome will be used by other researchers and also how it can be used by managers, practitioners, companies or other stakeholders. Please be short and crisp.
9. Project Implementation Plan
Indicate in the form of a Gantt chart, the expected project start date, the duration of some important phases/activities and also indicate the tentative project end date and total duration of the project. Please refer to the approved thesis template in case you require further clarification of its content.
Time Frame
Activities
Duration
(Days)
( January 2022 to Mid-April 2022 )
Proposal
Literature Review
Data collection
Report writing
Submission of final
Report
References
1. Fischlmayr, I. C., & Kollinger, I. (2010). Work-life balance–a neglected issue among Austrian female expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(4), 455-487.
2.
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RESEARCH PROJECT
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Date of Submission: DD MM 20YY
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Supervisor Name: Dr. Xxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxx |
1. Background
Please write here a short background of the study. Preferably it should be a half page or to the maximum of one page description only. Be short and crisp. Background information identifies and describes the history and nature of a well-defined research problem with reference to the existing literature. Background information should indicate the root of the problem being studied, its scope, and the extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem, noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts to address. Please refer to the approved thesis template or consult your supervisor in case you require further clarification of the contents of any of the heading within the proposal template.
2. Statement of the problem
Write here a short statement of your research problem. A research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same. A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study.
A good research problem should address an existing gap in knowledge in the field and lead to further research. The problem statement will look different depending on whether you’re dealing with a practical real-world problem or a theoretical scientific issue. But all problem statements follow a similar process.
3. Literature Review
A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits into the larger field of study. Please refer to the approved thesis template in case you require further clarification of its content. Write here only a short description of major studies done in your field. Need not to be lengthy. Just a one page description will suffice.
4. Project Objectives
Please state the objectives of your project here. You need to only specify the objectives here. The objectives should be specific statements that define measurable outcomes, e.g. what steps will be taken to achieve the desired outcome. A project objective describes the desired results of a project, which often includes a tangible item. An objective is specific and measurable, and must meet time, budget, and quality constraints.
5. Target Population (Sampling Technique and Sample Size)
The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn. A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation. The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn. A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation. The people who take part are referred to as “participants”.
Please provide a description of your target population. Also indicate your expected sample size as well as what type of sampling will be used and why.
6. Data Collection Approach
Data collection is a process of collecting information from all the relevant sources to find answers to the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate the outcomes. Data collection methods can be divided into two categories: secondary methods of data collection and primary methods of data collection. You need to write here the types of data you will be using and also how you collected those sources of data.
7. Data Analysis
Provide a short description of how you will analyze the collected data. What are all the statistical tools you will be using for analysis and also mention the expected use of different types of statistical soft wares that will be used for interpreting the data. Example, data will be presented using table, figures, graphs, pie & charts. All results will be logically arranged so as to correspond to each research objectives indicated in the report. Illustrations will provide a simple summation of data in a clear & concise manner.
8. Potential Scope of the Project
You need to mention here how the outcome of your study will be useful to different kinds of readers. For example how the outcome will be used by other researchers For example, you need to mention here how your study outcome will be used by other researchers and also how it can be used by managers, practitioners, companies or other stakeholders. Please be short and crisp.
9. Project Implementation Plan
Indicate in the form of a Gantt chart, the expected project start date, the duration of some important phases/activities and also indicate the tentative project end date and total duration of the project. Please refer to the approved thesis template in case you require further clarification of its content.
Time Frame
|
Activities |
Duration (Days) |
|
Proposal |
|
|
Literature Review |
|
|
Data collection |
|
|
Report writing |
|
|
Submission of final Report |
References
1. Fischlmayr, I. C., & Kollinger, I. (2010). Work-life balance–a neglected issue among Austrian female expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(4), 455-487.
2.
Saudi Electronic University
|
Saudi Electronic University |
3 |
,
MBA Program – MGT675 Rubric 2019-2020
Business Administration Department
P a g e 1 | 5
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Business Administration Department
Evaluation Sheet- Project- MGT675
Student
Name
Supervisor Name
Student ID Evaluator Name
CRN
Evaluation Date
Project
Title
Student’s Total Marks / 100
MBA Program – MGT675 Rubric 2019-2020
Business Administration Department
P a g e 2 | 5
Criteria/Section
Weight Items Item Weight
Feedback Abstract
5
Contents
Excellent
(2.5)
Very Good
(2)
Good
(1.5)
Poor
(1)
Very Poor
(0.5)
Score
The level to which the different sections of abstract are in the form of well-developed paragraphs, which are unified, coherent, concise and provide logical connections between materials included?
The level to which the abstract contains the sections on background, purpose, research design, major methods, major findings, implications and directions for future research?
Introduction and Literature Review
20
Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very Good
(4)
Good
(3)
Poor
(2)
Very Poor
(1)
Score
Feedback
The level to which the introduction provides relevant background on existing knowledge gap and the importance of bridging that gap?
The level to which the review cites an extensive, up to date, relevant and thorough body of literature on the topic?
The level to which the literature offers critical review, or comparison of different approaches which reveals any methodological flaws in research methods, inconsistencies in theories or findings which need further study?
The level to which the literature review unambiguously lead to research question(s), hypothesis (es), and objective(s)?
MBA Program – MGT675 Rubric 2019-2020
Business Administration Department
P a g e 3 | 5
Methodology Outlook
10
Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very Good
(4)
Good
(3)
Poor
(2)
Very Poor
(1)
Score
Feedback
The level to which the methodology contains details of what, when, where, and how the research was performed so that other researcher can repeat the method for similar studies?
The level to which the methodology is relevant to each objective, hypothesis, or research question?
Analysis and Results
10
Contents
Excellent
(2.5)
Very Good
(2)
Good
(1.5)
Poor
(1)
Very Poor
(0.5)
Score
Feedback
The level to which the results of the study are clear, concise, and presented in a logical order for each objective, hypothesis, or research question?
The level to which the artwork (tables, figures, pictures and images etc.) are legible, labelled, described and referred properly in the text?
The level to which the study establishes the validity and robustness of the results in synchronization with the appropriate analytical techniques used in the study?
The level to which the analysis of data is adequate enough to sufficiently reveal the significance of the study?
Discussion
10
Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very Good
(4)
Good
(3)
Poor
(2)
Very Poor
(1)
Score
Feedback
The level to which the discussion is logically and sequentially presented in a concise manner for
MBA Program – MGT675 Rubric 2019-2020
Business Administration Department
P a g e 4 | 5
each objective, hypothesis and research question or statement?
The level to which the findings adequately linked
to relevant literature with proper citation?
Conclusions
and
Implications
10
Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very Good
(4)
Good
(3)
Poor
(2)
Very Poor
(1)
Score
Feedback
The level to which the study draw reasonable conclusions which are consistent with the results or development of the argument in the analysis?
The level to which the study identifies and acknowledges the limitations and does it provide reasonable directions for future research?
Novelty/ Originality
10
Contents
Excellent
(10)
Very Good
(8)
Good
(6)
Poor
(4)
Very Poor
(2)
Score
Feedback
The level to which the work represents a novel approach or findings? Also indicate the level to which the study have significant theoretical & practical implications?
Soft Copy Submission
10
Contents
Excellent
(10)
Very Good
(8)
Good
(6)
Poor
(4)
Very Poor
(2)
Score
Feedback
The level to which the submitted soft copy complies the approved guidelines?
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Poor
Very Poor
MBA Program – MGT675 Rubric 2019-2020
Business Administration Department
P a g e 5 | 5
Presentation Delivery
15
Contents (7.5)
(6.5)
(5.5)
(4.5)
(3.5)
Score Feedback
The Presenter
The level to which the presenter presented the material in a clear and structured manner, demonstrated time management and was able to handle the queries.
The Presentation The level to which the presentation was concise & comprehensive with appropriate use of examples, and techniques etc.
TOTAL GRADE /100
,
1. Background
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in smart cities, its effect on governance, decision-making, innovative discipline, and prospects of revolution have been a topic of discussion in debate and practice recent years. Data generation utilizing AI is possible in government and private sectors exploring new approaches to understand our world. The availability of big data may be effective in optimum usage of resources while making informed decisions. Artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things can positively influence smart decision-making. At present, AI is becoming a need for daily life and organizational procedures as technology has taken great dives in empowering AI advancement. AI contributes to smart cities’ decision making because smart decision-making utilizes a systematic and organized approach to collect data and applies rational decision-making systems rather than using hit and miss, instinct, or generalizing from overall experience.
“Smart cities” is a multidimensional notion and has been defined differently by numerous scholars. However, the compulsory prerequisite to being a smart city is to attain sustainable social, environmental, and economic development and improve the living standards of society by utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and AI. The technological aspect of a smart city in the decision-making process can be defined as “a technologically interconnected city” or the use of artificial intelligence with big data to accomplish the intelligence and efficiency in managing the city’s resource. A study about smart decision-making in smart cities using big data introduced a three-layer framework characterizing a smart city as an “instrumented, interconnected, and intelligence”.
The past few years have seen rapid growth in urbanization. According to the economic and social affairs body of the United States, approximately 55 percent of the total population in the world live in urban cities. This number is expected to increase to 68% by 2050 (Allam & Dhunny, 2019). The rapid increase in urban population is expected to exert pressure on sustainable environment initiatives leading to higher demand from the large population. To avoid such pressure, there is a need of coming up with smart cities. According to scholars, smart cities will reduce the environmental pressure caused by the increased urban population by 30% (Allam & Dhunny, 2019). A smart city is described as an urban area that depends on information technology to improve its quality of life, grow its economy and implement government policies (Allam & Dhunny, 2019).
Past studies have indicated that there exist three layers that are important for the functionality of a smart city.
· The technological base of a smart city entails sensor-equipped devices and smart digital phones that help in communication (Zhang et al., 2021).
· There are computers that are used in the digital processing of data to deliver favorable solutions (Zhang et al., 2021).
· The whole population directly interacts with these technologies to provide data and analyze outcomes (Zhang et al., 2021).
The current world revolves around technology. Therefore, there is a need of coming up with smart cities that will help in controlling the growing urban population (Zhang et al., 2021). This paper will discuss the use of artificial intelligence in smart cities and its impact on development.
2. Statement of the problem
The rapid changes in the world have led to the use of modern technology in technically all fields. As time goes by, the urban population keeps growing. Most of the countries have experienced a huge migration from rural to urban centers. The post-pandemic period has seen people move to urban areas for job opportunities and good living standards. However, as people move to these urban centers, there is no technology that has been used to ensure quality living standards in these cities. As people have currently embraced the use of modern technology to convert urban towns into smart cities, it is important to have a system that governs these smart cities.
For the efficient functioning of smart cities, the processing of big quantities of data is required. Big data has been described as a large data set that is processed at a very fast speed by the use of algorithms through the use of different sources of data. To process such a large amount of data in smart cities, there is a need for use of artificial intelligence. Past studies have discussed the development of smart cities. There exists a gap in what technology is used to process data in these smart cities. Therefore, this paper will discuss the impacts of artificial intelligence on smart cities.
3. Literature Review
The use of artificial intelligence and processing of big data are interlinked. Artificial intelligence is useful in sifting through large data volumes to produce the desired results (Rjab & Mellouli, 2018). In the past, the use of technology was limited. Data analysis and collection did not entail the use of artificial intelligence. Instead, all processes were manual thus producing inaccurate results. Artificial intelligence uses non-human systems that imitate human behavior (Rjab & Mellouli, 2018). The outcome of the process is determined by whether the artificial intelligence is supervised or unsupervised. The use of artificial intelligence has led to cost-effective solutions to smart cities.
Although the use of artificial intelligence has received backlash from the public domain, there has been an increased use of AI in private firms. Past research has indicated the impact of artificial intelli8gence in decision making. The South Korean government recently used artificial intelligence in the fight against COVID-19 (Ben Rjab & Mellouli, 2019). This was through data collection, educating the citizens, and implementation of safety protocols through artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence has become a great concern in smart cities as they face challenges in sustainability, safety, and planning decisions. When urban areas face such challenges, they embrace the use of artificial intelligence as a means of transforming to smart cities (Ben Rjab & Mellouli, 2019). The transition from an urban city to a smart city is facilitated by strategies from urban politicians. Artificial intelligence through different databases and dashboards regulates the decision-making process to ensure that smart cities grow and remain productive.
Artificial Intelligence in smart cities and Decision Making
The use of artificial intelligence in different sectors of the economy has proved to be successful. Past research has shown that artificial intelligence can successfully diagnose diseases, suggest treatment procedures as well as curb spread of the disease (Zhang et al., 2021). The use of AI can be expanded to technical infrastructure, weather forecasting and general daily activities. Smart city are built in a complex manner with sophisticated technologies to govern them (Zhang et al., 2021). While most scholars focus on defining the livelihood of people in smart cities, there is loess study conducted on the private and public organizations’ work on improving living standards. This study focuses on the Caragliu concept of smart cities. According to the concept, cities are made smart when their investments are made social and the human capital is converted to contribute to long-term development projects (Allam & Dhunny, 2019). All this is in a bid to promote the quality of life and manage resources.
As cities become smart through the installation of sensors, use of smartphones and computers, there is a need to embrace the use of artificial intelligence. The current digital ideas in use if technology is linked to the use of artificial intelligence enabling real-time data thus allowing cities to grow, adapt to changes and diversify their environments (Allam & Dhunny, 2019). Artificial intelligence will help cities develop good decision-making processes thus helping in the socio-economic execution of policies.
Potential use of artificial intelligence in Smart Cities
Artificial intelligence can be used in smart cities in different sectors such as;
· Public transit.
· Public safety programs.
· Power grids.
· Building automation systems.
4. Project Objectives
· To determine the use of artificial intelligence in smart cities.
· To understand the impact of the use of artificial intelligence in smart cities for Smart Decision-Making.
5. Target Population (Sampling Technique and Sample Size)
The study below targets economies in Asia specifically Saudi Arabia. The sampling technique is used is the use of data from different sample groups to ensure effective comparison of data. The decision for choosing Saudi Arabia as the basis for the study was made in accordance with past studies on the topic. There is no researcher who has made a research on the use of AI in Saudi Arabia.
6. Data Collection Approach
Once the consent for the survey has been given to the respondents, a questionnaire will be sent to them via their personal email addresses. The questionnaire will consist of open-ended and closed questions that will need a response. The first part of the questionnaire entails a closed-end section that respondents will respond with a yes or no. the second phase is a section on social innovations, the use of modern technology, and its impact on living standards. The third section has questions on artificial intelligence, proposed changes in the smart cities’ development, and the impact artificial intelligence ought to bring.
7. Data Analysis
The data collected from the survey will be analyzed through the statistical program SPSS version 21. The analytical methods that will be used include correlation, multiple regression, path analysis, and factor analysis.
8. Potential Scope of the Project
The findings from this project will be important in future data analysis on the use of artificial intelligence in smart cities. The information in the study can be used by future scholars who wish to further the study in the impact of AI in smart cities. This study can also be used by the administration of different cities in their decision-making process on the adoption of the use of artificial intelligence in their cities.
